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GNDU Question Paper-2022

B.A 1

Semester

HOME SCIENCE

(Family Resource Management & Hygiene )

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 60

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each of the Four

Sections A, B, C and D. The Fifth question may be attempted from any Section. All

questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1. Explain the principles of planning of a house:

(a) Privacy

(b) Furniture requirements.

2. (a) Give advantages of owning a house.

(b) Give advantages of renting a house.

SECTION-B

3. Explain the principles of art in relation to interior decoration in home with examples:

(a) Harmony

(b) Balante.

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4. (a) Describe monochromatic colour scheme.

(b) Describe the use of colour scheme in interior decoration of bedroom in a house.

SECTION-C

5. Define immunity and describe types of immunity.

6. Explain causes and spread of Dengue Fever. Give methods of prevention of Dengue.

SECTION-D

7. What is Droplet Infection? Explain methods of spread of Chickenpox.

8. Explain hygiene during preparation, service and storage of food.

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GNDU Answer Paper-2022

B.A 1

Semester

HOME SCIENCE

(Family Resource Management & Hygiene )

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 60

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each of the Four

Sections A, B, C and D. The Fifth question may be attempted from any Section. All

questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1. Explain the principles of planning of a house:

(a) Privacy

(b) Furniture requirements.

Ans: 1. Principle of Privacy in House Planning

Let us begin by imagining a family—a father, a mother, two children, and a grandparent—

living together in a house. Each member has different needs, routines, and preferences. For

example, the grandfather might enjoy quiet mornings with prayers, while the children may

love jumping around and playing in the living room. The mother may want a calm and

private kitchen to cook without disturbances, and the father might need a secluded room to

attend online meetings.

• All these diverse needs can only be met if the house is planned with privacy in mind.

What is Privacy in House Planning?

Privacy means protecting personal space from unnecessary visibility, noise, or disturbances,

both from outside the house and within the house. It involves placing and designing rooms

in a way that each person can feel secure, relaxed, and undisturbed in their area.

Types of Privacy in House Planning:

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• External Privacy:

This refers to protecting the house from outside disturbances. For example, if a

house is built on a busy road, large windows without curtains can allow passersby to

see inside. To maintain privacy, the design must include:

• Proper fencing or walls around the property.

Use of blinds, curtains, or frosted glass.

Positioning of windows away from the main street or public areas.

Internal Privacy:

Internal privacy is more personal. It ensures that the bedroom is not next to a noisy kitchen

or that the study room isn’t disturbed by the TV noise from the living room. Some practical

ideas to improve internal privacy include:

• Separate zones for common and private areas.

• Soundproof walls between rooms like bedrooms and living rooms.

• Ensuring bathrooms are attached to bedrooms instead of being open to public view.

Importance of Privacy in House Planning:

• Mental peace: Everyone needs personal time, and a private room gives a sense of

safety and comfort.

• Family relationships: Respecting each other’s space avoids unnecessary conflicts.

• Security: Privacy features, like high fences and secured entry points, protect against

theft or intrusion.

• Better functionality: When rooms are planned with privacy in mind, their utility

increases.

Let’s take an example. If a house is designed where the bedroom door opens directly into

the living room, anyone entering the house can see inside the bedroom. This violates

privacy and makes the resident uncomfortable. To avoid this, planners often place a lobby

or a small corridor before the bedrooms.

Thus, privacy is a guiding principle that ensures every member of the family has their own

peaceful corner in the home.

2. Principle of Furniture Requirements in House Planning

Now, think of a beautifully designed room that looks perfect in pictures but becomes

uncomfortable when people try to walk around because the furniture is either too large, too

close together, or not enough.

This brings us to the second key principle in house planning—furniture requirements. Good

planning should always consider the type, amount, and size of furniture before constructing

or designing rooms.

What are Furniture Requirements?

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Furniture requirements refer to ensuring that there is enough space in each room to place

necessary furniture items without making the room feel congested or empty. It also includes

planning for comfort, movement, aesthetics, and safety.

Considerations When Planning Furniture Requirements:

Room Size and Shape:

• The furniture should suit the dimensions of the room.

• For example, a king-size bed in a small room will leave no space to walk around.

• Square rooms often accommodate furniture better than narrow rectangular ones.

Function of the Room:

• A study room needs a desk, bookshelf, and a comfortable chair.

• A living room should have sofas, a center table, and maybe a TV unit.

• Planning must match the room’s purpose.

Furniture Arrangement and Movement Space:

• There should be space to walk around furniture.

• Chairs should be able to pull out fully without bumping into walls or other furniture.

• Doors and drawers should open freely.

Storage Needs:

• In bedrooms, wardrobes must be placed without blocking light or fans.

• Kitchen cabinets should be planned above and below countertops for ease of use.

Ventilation and Light:

• Large wardrobes or shelves should not block natural light or airflow.

• Furniture placement should help in making rooms brighter and more breathable.

Flexibility and Multi-Use:

• In modern homes with less space, furniture must be multifunctional.

• For example, a sofa-cum-bed, foldable dining tables, or under-bed storage.

Why Is Furniture Requirement Important in Planning?

• Comfort and Functionality: Proper space planning prevents discomfort and makes

rooms easier to use.

• Visual Balance: Furniture that is too much or too little makes a room look awkward.

• Safety: Crowded spaces can lead to accidents, especially for elderly or children.

• Long-term Satisfaction: When the house is planned with furniture needs in mind, it

adapts better to changing needs over time.

For example, if a couple is planning a nursery, they must consider not only space for a crib

but also for a changing table, storage for baby items, and enough room for parents to move

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around. As the child grows, the same room might need a study table and a bed—so

furniture planning ensures the room adapts over time.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the principles of privacy and furniture requirements are essential in planning

a functional and peaceful house. Privacy ensures the mental comfort and dignity of every

individual living in the house. It protects personal space from both internal and external

disturbances.

On the other hand, planning furniture requirements ensures that the house remains usable,

attractive, and safe. It supports easy movement, organizes storage, and enhances comfort.

Both these principles are like two invisible architects—shaping how a house feels, more

than how it looks.

A well-planned house is not just about beauty—it is about thoughtfulness. When privacy

and furniture needs are understood and respected during planning, the result is a home

where people love to live. As future homeowners, architects, designers, or simply as

students of life, we should always remember—a house becomes a home only when it

respects the people who live inside it.

2. (a) Give advantages of owning a house.

(b) Give advantages of renting a house.

Ans: (a) Advantages of Owning a House

Owning a house is often considered a big milestone in life. It represents stability, growth,

and personal achievement. Let’s explore the main advantages in detail.

1. Sense of Security and Stability

When Amit bought his house, he said, “I feel settled now.” This is because owning a home

brings a sense of permanence. Unlike renting, you are not worried about your lease ending

or a landlord changing terms.

Owning a house makes you feel more emotionally and financially grounded. You know you

won’t be asked to move unless you want to.

2. Investment and Asset Creation

When Amit made monthly payments on his home loan, he wasn’t just paying rent—he was

building equity. That means the value of the house gradually became his own.

A house is an asset that usually increases in value over time. In the long term, it can be sold

for a profit, passed on to children, or used as security for loans.

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3. Freedom to Customize

Amit loved gardening and interior design. Since he owned the house, he could renovate,

paint, remodel the kitchen, or even build a porch without needing permission.

Homeowners enjoy the freedom to make changes according to their taste, lifestyle, and

needs, which is not always possible in a rented home.

4. Stable Monthly Payments

Amit had a fixed-rate home loan. His monthly payments remained the same throughout the

loan tenure, unlike rent which may increase every year.

This kind of financial predictability helps in long-term budget planning.

5. Sense of Pride and Achievement

Amit’s parents visited one day, and he showed them around the house. Their smiles said it

all. Owning a house is a symbol of success in society. It brings emotional satisfaction and a

feeling of accomplishment.

People often feel more connected to the community when they own a house. They

participate in local events, maintain their property better, and develop long-term

relationships with neighbors.

6. Tax Benefits and Incentives

In many countries, including India, homeowners enjoy income tax deductions on the

interest paid on home loans and the principal amount under sections like 80C and 24(b) of

the Income Tax Act.

These government incentives make homeownership more affordable and financially

rewarding.

7. No Landlord Restrictions

Amit could keep pets, invite friends, host parties, or run a home-based business—without

seeking a landlord’s permission. Ownership gives you complete control over your living

space.

8. Retirement Security

Later in life, when Amit retires, he will not have to worry about rent. His home becomes his

shelter for old age. A fully paid home provides financial freedom and stability during

retirement.

(b) Advantages of Renting a House

Now let’s shift to Raj’s story. Unlike Amit, Raj chose to rent a house. At first, some people

questioned his decision, but Raj had valid reasons—and many of them reflect the

advantages of renting a house.

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1. Low Initial Cost

Raj didn’t need a large down payment, registration fee, or property tax. He just paid a

security deposit and monthly rent.

For students, young professionals, or those with limited savings, renting is affordable and

practical.

2. Flexibility and Mobility

Raj was in a job that might require transfer to different cities. Renting allowed him to move

easily without selling any property.

For people who are in the early phase of their career or not sure where they want to settle,

renting gives freedom. They can shift closer to the workplace, live in different cities, or

explore different neighborhoods without any long-term commitment.

3. No Maintenance Responsibility

One day, Raj’s water heater broke. He called the landlord, who arranged the repair at no

extra cost. As a tenant, he didn’t have to worry about large repairs, property taxes, or long-

term upkeep.

Renters are usually free from the burden of maintenance, which can be expensive for

homeowners.

4. Access to Better Lifestyle at Lower Cost

Raj lived in a rented flat in a posh area with a gym, swimming pool, and security. If he tried

to buy a house in the same locality, it would have cost a fortune.

Renting sometimes allows people to enjoy a better standard of living in a good locality

without spending a huge amount of money.

5. No Risk of Property Devaluation

Property markets can be unpredictable. Sometimes, property values fall. Since Raj did not

own the house, he wasn’t affected by any market risk.

Tenants do not bear the burden of property value fluctuations, legal issues, or interest rate

changes that affect homebuyers.

6. Free from Long-term Financial Commitment

Owning a home usually means a long-term home loan of 15 to 30 years. Raj didn’t have such

obligations. He used his money for travel, learning, and investments.

Renters enjoy financial flexibility. They can invest in mutual funds, businesses, or education

instead of locking up money in real estate.

7. Easier Process and Documentation

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Renting a house is quick and simple compared to buying one, which involves legal

paperwork, bank procedures, registration, and more.

If someone needs a home urgently or for a short term (like university students or temporary

job assignments), renting is the best option.

8. Ideal During Uncertain Times

During economic downturns or uncertain life stages (like changing jobs, studying abroad, or

uncertain relationships), renting a home is a safer and less stressful choice.

Raj could easily move if he lost his job or got a new opportunity in another city, unlike

homeowners who may be stuck with an unsold property.

Conclusion: Which One is Better?

So, who made the better choice—Amit or Raj? The answer is not simple.

Owning a house is ideal for those looking for stability, long-term investment, and control,

especially if they plan to stay in the same place for years.

On the other hand, renting a house is best for those who value flexibility, lower upfront

costs, and mobility.

Let us remember: home is not just a place—it is a feeling. Whether you rent or buy, the

most important thing is that it suits your lifestyle, goals, and stage in life.

Both Amit and Raj were happy because they chose wisely based on their needs. And that’s

the final lesson—choose what fits you best, not what others expect.

󽄻󽄼󽄽 Summary Table

Feature

Owning a House

Renting a House

Upfront Cost

High (Down payment, fees)

Low (Security deposit, 1st

month rent)

Long-Term Benefit

Asset building, appreciation

No long-term financial burden

Flexibility

Low

High

Maintenance

Responsibility

Owner's duty

Usually landlord's duty

Freedom to Modify

Full freedom

Limited

Monthly Cost Stability

Stable (with fixed loan)

Rent may increase

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Feature

Owning a House

Renting a House

Emotional Satisfaction

High (Pride and stability)

Moderate (Temporary setup)

Ideal For

Settled families, long-term

residents

SECTION-B

3. Explain the principles of art in relation to interior decoration in home with examples:

(a) Harmony

(b) Balante.

Ans: .󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷 What Are the Principles of Art in Interior Decoration?

The principles of art are universal guidelines used by artists and designers to organize the

elements of design—such as color, shape, texture, and line—in a composition. When

applied to interiors, they help create rooms that are not only beautiful but also comfortable

and meaningful to the people living in them.

Some of the key principles are:

• Harmony

• Balance

• Proportion

• Rhythm

• Emphasis

• Unity

• Variety

In this discussion, we will focus on Harmony and Balance, two core ideas that guide every

successful interior design plan.

󼨻󼨼 (a) Harmony in Interior Decoration

󺭨 Meaning of Harmony

Harmony refers to a sense of cohesion and agreement in a room. It is when all the

elements—colors, furniture, textures, shapes, and lighting—work together to give a pleasing

feeling. In simple terms, harmony is what makes a room feel "right."

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Imagine walking into a room that makes you feel relaxed, peaceful, and at home. That’s

harmony in action.

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Elements That Contribute to Harmony

• Color Scheme: Using a coordinated palette of colors. For example, a living room with

various shades of blue and grey, accented with soft white, feels harmonious.

• Style Consistency: Mixing too many styles (modern, vintage, rustic, etc.) without a

link can create chaos. Harmony means choosing and sticking with a style or blending

them thoughtfully.

• Repetition: Repeating certain shapes, colors, or textures throughout a space creates

rhythm and harmony.

• Proportion and Scale: Ensuring the size of furniture is appropriate for the room.

󷨲󷨳󷨸󷨴󷨵󷨶󷨷 Real-Life Example of Harmony

Story: Imagine a girl named Aanya, who just got her first apartment. She loves nature and

wants her home to reflect that. She paints her walls in a sage green color and decorates

with wooden furniture. She adds indoor plants in every corner, and her curtains and

cushions are made of jute and cotton. She even places nature-inspired art on the walls.

The result? A calm, peaceful space that reflects her personality. Every item in the room

contributes to the theme. There are no odd pieces or clashing colors. This is the perfect

example of harmony—everything fits, and nothing looks out of place.

󼨐󼨑󼨒 Why Is Harmony Important?

• It creates emotional comfort. A harmonious room feels peaceful and calming.

• It promotes functional flow—you can move easily, use the furniture effectively, and

find items where you expect them to be.

• It reflects the personality and taste of the homeowner in a cohesive way.

󷖍󷖎󷖏󷖐󷖑 (b) Balance in Interior Decoration

󺭧 Meaning of Balance

Balance refers to the visual weight of objects in a room and how they are distributed. Just as

a scale needs equal weight on both sides to balance, a room needs balance to avoid feeling

heavy on one side and empty on the other.

Balance makes a space feel stable, pleasing, and organized. Without it, a room might feel

lopsided or uncomfortable.

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󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 Types of Balance

There are three main types of balance in interior decoration:

1. Symmetrical Balance (Formal Balance)

• Both sides of a room are mirror images of each other.

• Common in traditional homes or formal settings like dining rooms.

• Example: Two identical sofas facing each other with a coffee table in the middle, and

matching lamps on side tables.

2. Asymmetrical Balance (Informal Balance)

• Balance is achieved with different objects that have equal visual weight.

• It feels more natural and relaxed.

• Example: A large sofa on one side of the room balanced by two chairs on the other

side. The items are not identical, but they balance each other visually.

3. Radial Balance

• Elements are arranged around a central point, like the spokes of a wheel.

• Common in rooms with circular arrangements, such as round dining tables or spiral

staircases.

• Example: A chandelier in the center of the ceiling with furniture radiating outward.

󷨲󷨳󷨸󷨴󷨵󷨶󷨷 Real-Life Example of Balance

Story: Ravi and Priya are decorating their living room. On one side, they place a large beige-

colored sofa. Instead of buying another sofa, they balance it with two comfortable single

chairs and a tall bookshelf on the opposite side. The color and height of the chairs and

bookshelf balance the size of the sofa.

In the center, they place a coffee table, and on the far wall, they hang a large painting to

create a focal point.

The room feels balanced—not because everything is the same, but because the visual

weight of objects is equal. This is asymmetrical balance—smart, creative, and functional.

󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 Why Is Balance Important?

• It creates a sense of order and stability in a room.

• It allows your eyes to move naturally across the space.

• It prevents any part of the room from feeling too heavy or too empty.

• It enhances comfort and functionality—people feel better in balanced spaces.

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󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇 Comparing Harmony and Balance: A Simple Analogy

Think of your home as a musical orchestra:

• Harmony is like ensuring all the instruments are in the same key and playing

together smoothly.

• Balance is like ensuring no instrument is too loud or too quiet—so everything sounds

pleasant.

In interior design:

• Harmony ensures unity and a common theme.

• Balance ensures that the elements are evenly distributed to avoid any visual or

functional discomfort.

󼬰󼬮󼬯 How to Create Harmony and Balance in Your Home: Step-by-Step Tips

󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷 For Harmony:

• Choose a Theme: Boho, minimalist, traditional, vintage, etc.

• Stick to a Color Palette: Use 2-3 main colors and a few accents.

• Repeat Shapes and Textures: Use circular tables and round lampshades together; or

wooden finishes throughout.

• Personalize Thoughtfully: Add your favorite art or cushions, but ensure they blend

with the overall vibe.

󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔 For Balance:

• Visualize the Room: Imagine a line dividing the room—does one side look heavier?

• Use Size and Height: A tall plant can balance a large sofa; a large painting can

balance a bookshelf.

• Play with Symmetry: Try placing pairs of lamps, chairs, or pillows.

• Create a Focal Point: A fireplace, TV, or art piece in the center can anchor the room

and help achieve radial balance.

󽄡󽄢󽄣󽄤󽄥󽄦 Conclusion: Harmony and Balance Make a House a Home

Interior decoration is not about expensive furniture or the latest trends. It is about creating

a space that feels good to live in—a place where the eyes rest peacefully, the body feels

comfortable, and the mind feels calm.

Harmony ensures everything belongs. It makes the room feel like a unified story.

Balance ensures that nothing feels out of proportion or out of place. It gives a room its

stability and rhythm.

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When used together, these principles create interiors that are not just beautiful but also

emotionally and functionally rich. Whether you are decorating a hostel room, a small

apartment, or a large villa, understanding and applying these simple principles can

transform your space into something truly special.

Remember, the best interiors are not just designed—they are felt. And that feeling comes

from harmony and balance.

4. (a) Describe monochromatic colour scheme.

(b) Describe the use of colour scheme in interior decoration of bedroom in a house.

Ans: (a) Monochromatic Colour Scheme

When we think about color, we often imagine a world filled with a rainbow of options—red,

blue, green, yellow, and so on. But in interior design, sometimes using just one color in a

creative way can have a more powerful impact than using many. That’s where the

monochromatic color scheme comes into play.

Definition of Monochromatic Colour Scheme

The term monochromatic comes from the Greek words "mono" (meaning "one") and

"chroma" (meaning "color"). A monochromatic color scheme is a design that is created using

just one base color and all its variations in shades, tints, and tones.

• Shade: Adding black to a color to make it darker.

• Tint: Adding white to a color to make it lighter.

• Tone: Adding grey (a mix of black and white) to a color to reduce its intensity.

So, when a designer says they are using a monochromatic blue scheme, it doesn't mean the

entire room is painted in the exact same blue. Instead, it may include navy blue (shade), sky

blue (tint), and steel blue (tone)—all derived from the same base color, which is blue.

Visual Harmony in Monochromatic Schemes

A monochromatic scheme creates a sense of harmony, balance, and unity in a room.

Because there’s no clash of colors, the environment feels more peaceful and cohesive.

That’s why many professional interior designers use monochromatic schemes, especially in

places where relaxation, elegance, or focus is important.

Think of a room with various tones of soft green: the walls are mint green, the curtains are a

light seafoam, the rug is olive, and the cushions are forest green. Even though everything is

“green,” the variety within that single color creates depth, interest, and beauty.

Advantages of Monochromatic Colour Scheme

Simplicity: The design feels uncluttered and clean. It is easy to maintain visual balance.

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• Elegance: This scheme often feels sophisticated and polished.

• Visual Flow: With no abrupt color changes, the eye flows smoothly around the

space.

• Versatility: Works in both modern and traditional interiors.

• Ease of Matching: Since everything is derived from one color, accessories, fabrics,

and furniture are easier to coordinate.

• Disadvantages of Monochromatic Colour Scheme

• Monotony: If not done properly, it can become dull or boring.

• Lack of Contrast: Sometimes lacks the energy and excitement of contrasting color

schemes.

• Requires Skill: Balancing tints, shades, and textures is necessary to avoid flatness.

But, when used well—especially with texture, patterns, and lighting—the monochromatic

scheme can transform a room into a sanctuary of calm and style.

(b) Use of Colour Scheme in Interior Decoration of Bedroom in a House

The bedroom is one of the most personal and intimate spaces in a house. It is a place of

rest, relaxation, and often reflection. The color scheme used in a bedroom plays a crucial

role in how comfortable, welcoming, and functional that space feels. When we talk about

color in the bedroom, it is more than just painting walls—it includes wall colors, bedding,

furniture, lighting, curtains, flooring, and decorative items.

Let’s now understand how color schemes can be used effectively in interior decoration of a

bedroom.

1. Importance of Colour in a Bedroom

Before jumping into specific color schemes, let’s understand why color matters in a

bedroom:

• Mood Setting: Colors affect our emotions. Soft, warm colors relax us, while bold

colors energize us.

• Perception of Space: Light colors can make small rooms appear larger; dark colors

can make large rooms feel cozier.

• Functionality: Color can divide spaces (e.g., a study corner vs. sleeping area).

• Lighting Interaction: Natural and artificial lighting impact how a color appears.

Hence, choosing the right color scheme is not just about beauty—it’s about creating the

right atmosphere.

2. Types of Colour Schemes Used in Bedroom Design

There are several color schemes a designer can choose from:

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• Monochromatic – Using one color in varying tones and shades.

• Analogous – Using colors next to each other on the color wheel (e.g., blue, blue-

green, green).

• Complementary – Using colors opposite each other on the color wheel (e.g., blue

and orange).

• Split-Complementary – Using a base color and two others adjacent to its

complement.

• Triadic – Using three evenly spaced colors on the color wheel (e.g., red, yellow, blue).

• Neutral with Accents – Using whites, greys, and beige with one or two bold color

accents.

• Let’s now go deeper into how these can be applied practically in a bedroom setting.

3. Application of Colour Schemes in Bedrooms

A. Monochromatic Scheme in Bedroom

As we discussed above, this scheme uses one base color. Let’s take blue as an example for a

bedroom.

• Walls: Painted in a soft baby blue for serenity.

• Bedding: Dark navy comforter with medium blue pillows.

• Curtains: Sky blue sheer curtains to let in natural light.

• Furniture: Whitewashed wood with a subtle blue tone or grey with blue undertones.

• Accessories: Blue photo frames, a pale blue rug, and navy lampshades.

This creates a calm, peaceful, and unified environment, perfect for sleep and unwinding.

Best Monochromatic Bedroom Colors:

• Blue: Calming and cooling.

• Green: Healing and refreshing.

• Beige or Brown: Cozy and grounded.

• Grey: Modern and elegant.

• White: Clean and minimalistic.

B. Analogous Colour Scheme in Bedroom

Let’s take colors like green, yellow-green, and yellow. These flow smoothly into each other

and provide a natural harmony.

• Walls: Light green with a yellow undertone.

• Bedding: Combination of lime and soft yellow.

• Curtains: Yellow-green floral prints.

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• Decor: Potted plants (natural green), yellow artwork, green candles.

This scheme feels fresh, alive, and natural, suitable for those who enjoy sunlight and

greenery.

C. Complementary Colour Scheme in Bedroom

Let’s take purple and yellow (opposites on the color wheel). Used wisely, this scheme can be

vibrant and balanced.

• Walls: Light lavender.

• Bedspread: Golden yellow or mustard pillows with purple sheets.

• Decor: Yellow lamps on purple nightstands, purple flower vases with yellow roses.

This scheme adds drama and excitement, but it must be handled delicately to avoid visual

overload.

D. Neutral with Bold Accents

This is a popular and safe choice for modern bedrooms.

• Walls: White, light grey, or beige.

• Bedding: White duvet with bold red or teal throw pillows.

• Furniture: Light brown or grey wood.

• Accents: Bold artwork, colorful cushions, or statement lamps in a single color (like

emerald green or maroon).

This scheme gives flexibility to change decor easily and maintains a minimal and modern

feel.

4. Tips for Choosing the Right Colour Scheme for a Bedroom

Understand the Room Size:

• Small rooms benefit from light, cool colors (like light blue, lavender).

• Larger rooms can handle darker or warmer colors (like chocolate brown or deep

green).

Think About Natural Light:

• Rooms with a lot of sunlight can use cool or dark shades.

• North-facing rooms with less sunlight benefit from warm or soft colors.

• Consider the Purpose:

• A study-friendly bedroom may need brighter tones (like yellow or green).

• A rest-focused bedroom is better with cool tones (like blue or soft grey).

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• Add Texture and Pattern:

In a monochromatic room, introduce patterns (like stripes or florals) and textures (like

velvet or linen) to avoid dullness.

Don't Forget Lighting:

• Warm white lighting can change how colors appear.

• Use dimmable lights to adjust the mood of the room.

5. Psychological Effects of Colors in Bedroom

Color

Effect

Blue

Calms the mind, lowers blood pressure

Green

Refreshes and balances emotions

Yellow

Cheerful and stimulating

Purple

Adds luxury and mystery

Grey

Sophisticated but can be dull if overused

Red

Stimulates energy, can be too strong for sleep

White

Clean and peaceful, but needs warmth

Conclusion

Color is not just an artistic tool—it is a powerful element in interior design, especially in the

bedroom. A well-thought-out color scheme can turn a dull room into a peaceful retreat or a

vibrant personal sanctuary.

The monochromatic color scheme, with its harmonious use of a single hue, is ideal for

creating serene and elegant bedrooms. On the other hand, other schemes like

complementary, analogous, or neutral with accents offer various moods and

personalization.

By understanding the principles of color, emotional impacts, light interaction, and room

purpose, students and designers can make intelligent choices to create bedrooms that are

not only beautiful but also deeply comforting and functional.

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SECTION-C

5. Define immunity and describe types of immunity.

Ans: 󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉 The Story of the Immune System: A Quick Analogy

Let’s say you’re a king or queen of a grand kingdom (your body). Now, like every ruler, you

want your kingdom to be safe. But dangers like bandits (bacteria), monsters (viruses), and

spies (toxins) are always lurking around.

To keep your kingdom safe, you have two types of defenses:

• The Wall & Guards – Always present and ready to attack anything unfamiliar.

• The Elite Soldiers – Highly trained, specific, and able to remember enemies and kill

them faster if they return.

These two defenses represent the two main types of immunity:

• Innate Immunity

• Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity

Let’s explore these in detail.

󺫨󺫩󺫪 Types of Immunity

1. Innate Immunity (Natural or Inborn Immunity)

This is the immunity you are born with. It is your first line of defense, acting quickly and non-

specifically. Innate immunity doesn’t depend on previous exposure to pathogens. It’s always

ready to protect you.

󷃆󼽢 Features of Innate Immunity:

• Present from birth

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• Non-specific (acts the same way against all pathogens)

• No memory (does not remember previous infections)

• Acts quickly (within minutes to hours)

󷃆󹸊󹸋 Components of Innate Immunity:

Physical Barriers:

• Skin: Acts as a physical shield.

• Mucous membranes in the respiratory and digestive tracts: Trap microbes.

Chemical Barriers:

• Saliva, tears, stomach acid: Kill or flush out microbes.

• Lysozyme enzyme in tears: Destroys bacteria.

Cellular Defenses:

• Phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages): "Eat up" the invaders.

• Natural killer cells: Kill virus-infected and cancerous cells.

Inflammatory Response:

• Redness, swelling, pain, and heat at the site of infection – signs that the immune

system is working.

Fever:

• Elevated body temperature helps kill or slow down pathogens.

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Think of innate immunity as the body’s emergency responders—fast, general, and

powerful.

2. Acquired Immunity (Adaptive or Specific Immunity)

This is the immunity that your body develops during your life as it is exposed to various

pathogens. It is highly specific, and it has memory, meaning it “remembers” invaders it has

fought before and reacts faster the next time.

󷃆󼽢 Features of Acquired Immunity:

• Develops after exposure to pathogens

• Specific to particular pathogens

• Has memory

• Slower to respond the first time but faster on subsequent exposures

󷃆󹸊󹸋 Components of Acquired Immunity:

Lymphocytes: Two major types—

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• B lymphocytes (B cells): Produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and bind to

antigens.

• T lymphocytes (T cells): Attack infected cells directly and help other immune cells

function.

• Antibodies (Immunoglobulins):

Special proteins that bind to antigens and neutralize them.

Each antibody is specific to one type of antigen (like a lock and key).

󷃆󹸊󹸋 Types of Acquired Immunity

• Acquired immunity can be further divided into two main types:

o Active Immunity

Here, your body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination.

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Types of Active Immunity:

Natural Active Immunity:

Developed after recovering from an actual infection.

Example: A person who recovers from chickenpox will have long-term immunity against it.

Artificial Active Immunity:

• Developed through vaccination.

• Vaccines contain weakened or dead pathogens that stimulate the immune system to

produce antibodies.

Example: Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine.

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Active immunity lasts longer, sometimes lifelong, but takes time to develop.

B. Passive Immunity

In this case, ready-made antibodies are transferred into the body. The body does not

produce them.

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Types of Passive Immunity:

Natural Passive Immunity:

• Antibodies are passed from mother to child.

• Example: Through the placenta during pregnancy or through breast milk.

• Artificial Passive Immunity:

• Antibodies are injected into the body (like antiserum).

• Example: Anti-rabies serum after a dog bite or tetanus antitoxin.

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󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Passive immunity acts quickly, but lasts for a short time (weeks or months).

󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫 Summary Table: Types of Immunity

Type of

Immunity

Specificity

Memory

Onset

Time

Duration

Source

Innate

Immunity

Non-

specific

Immediate

Short-term

Inborn

Natural Active

Specific

Yes

Slow

Long-

lasting

Infection

Artificial Active

Specific

Yes

Slow

Long-

lasting

Vaccination

Natural Passive

Specific

Immediate

Short-term

Mother's antibodies

Artificial Passive

Specific

Immediate

Short-term

Injected antibodies

(serum)

󼨐󼨑󼨒 Memory Cells: The Body’s Immunological Memory

One of the coolest features of acquired immunity is the formation of memory cells. These

cells remember the antigen and stay in your body for years. If the same microbe enters

again, your immune system attacks it so quickly that you may not even feel sick.

󹦭󹦴󹦮󹦯󹦰󹦱󹦲󹦳 Importance of Immunization

Thanks to vaccines, we can protect ourselves from deadly diseases like polio, tetanus, and

COVID-19. Vaccines train our immune system by exposing it to safe versions of pathogens so

that we are ready if the real ones attack.

󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍 Conclusion: Your Body’s Silent Guardian

Immunity is like an ever-watchful guardian that protects us 24/7 without us even noticing.

From the moment we’re born, our bodies are in a constant state of defense, supported by

innate and acquired immunity. Whether it's the first responders like phagocytes or the

precision warriors like B-cells and T-cells, the immune system is a marvel of biological

engineering.

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Understanding immunity is not only important for biology students but also helps us make

better choices about health, hygiene, and vaccinations in our daily lives.

6. Explain causes and spread of Dengue Fever. Give methods of prevention of Dengue.

Ans: Causes of Dengue Fever

At its core, dengue fever is caused by a virus, not bacteria or parasites. Let us break it down:

1. Dengue Virus (DENV):

There are four distinct types of dengue viruses:

• DENV-1

• DENV-2

• DENV-3

• DENV-4

They belong to a group of viruses called Flaviviruses. A person can be infected with any of

these four types. The danger lies in the fact that being infected by one type does not protect

you from the other three. In fact, a second infection by a different strain can lead to more

severe forms of the disease such as:

• Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

• Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)

2. Vector (Mosquito Carrier):

The virus is transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito, specifically:

• Aedes aegypti (primary carrier)

• Aedes albopictus (secondary carrier)

These mosquitoes are active during the daytime, especially early morning and before

sunset. They bite humans and pick up the virus from an infected person's blood. After about

a 10-day incubation period, they become infectious and can spread the virus to other

people.

Spread of Dengue Fever

Let’s look at how dengue spreads in a step-by-step, story-like format:

Step 1: Infected Person

• Suppose Ram, a college student, returns from a trip abroad. He has dengue fever,

though he doesn't know it yet.

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Step 2: Mosquito Bites Ram

• A female Aedes aegypti mosquito bites Ram while he's resting in his hostel room.

The mosquito draws in his infected blood — and along with it, the dengue virus.

Step 3: Virus Develops in the Mosquito

• Inside the mosquito, the dengue virus incubates for 8–10 days. The mosquito now

becomes a carrier.

Step 4: Mosquito Bites Another Person

• This same mosquito now bites Shyam, another student in the same hostel. The virus

is injected into Shyam’s bloodstream through the mosquito’s saliva.

Step 5: Chain Reaction

Shyam becomes ill after a few days. More mosquitoes bite him and pick up the virus. The

cycle repeats, and within weeks, dozens or hundreds of people may become infected in that

area.

Factors That Increase the Spread

Stagnant Water:

Aedes mosquitoes breed in clean stagnant water — flower pots, buckets, water coolers,

discarded tires, bottle caps, etc.

Urbanization:

Rapid, unplanned urban growth has led to overcrowded cities with poor waste and water

management, making it easier for mosquitoes to thrive.

Climate Conditions:

Warm, humid environments are ideal for mosquito breeding. Hence, dengue cases spike

during the rainy season.

Human Travel:

Infected individuals can unknowingly carry the virus from one city or country to another,

spreading dengue internationally.

Poor Public Awareness:

Lack of understanding about how dengue spreads leads to neglect of basic prevention

practices.

Symptoms of Dengue Fever

Once infected, symptoms appear after a 4–10 day incubation period. Common symptoms

include:

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• High fever (104°F/40°C)

• Severe headache

• Pain behind the eyes

• Muscle and joint pain ("breakbone fever")

• Skin rash

• Nausea or vomiting

• Fatigue

In severe cases (DHF/DSS), symptoms can include:

• Bleeding gums or nose

• Blood in urine or stool

• Low blood pressure

• Shock and organ failure

Methods of Prevention

Prevention of dengue is mainly about mosquito control and avoiding bites. Let's look at

some practical and community-based strategies:

1. Prevent Mosquito Breeding

• Empty water containers like pots, buckets, coolers every week.

• Keep tanks and water drums covered.

• Throw away old tires, coconut shells, plastic cups, and other containers that collect

rainwater.

• Use larvicides or biological controls (like mosquito-eating fish) in water bodies.

2. Personal Protection from Mosquito Bites

• Wear long-sleeved clothes and full-length trousers.

• Use mosquito repellents containing DEET, lemon eucalyptus oil, or picaridin.

• Sleep under mosquito nets, especially during the day.

• Install mesh screens on windows and doors.

3. Community Participation

• Educate people through posters, announcements, school campaigns, and social

media.

• Encourage neighborhood clean-up drives to remove mosquito breeding grounds.

• Form local task forces with support from municipal corporations.

4. Government and Health Department Role

• Fogging/spraying insecticides in affected areas to kill adult mosquitoes.

• Surveillance and monitoring of dengue cases to detect outbreaks early.

• Setting up fever clinics during monsoon to provide early diagnosis and treatment.

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5. Vaccine Research and Updates

A dengue vaccine named Dengvaxia has been developed but is not yet widely

recommended due to complications in people not previously infected. Research for safe and

effective vaccines is ongoing and may become more common in the future.

Conclusion: The Battle Against Dengue

Dengue fever is not just a medical issue — it is a social, environmental, and public health

challenge. It requires collective action, awareness, and responsibility. From cleaning our

surroundings to protecting ourselves from bites, each person has a role to play.

Remember: “Prevention is better than cure.” There is no specific cure for dengue, only

supportive treatment. That’s why preventing mosquito bites and controlling mosquito

breeding are our strongest weapons.

Whether you're a university student in a hostel, a homemaker, a teacher, or a health worker

— your awareness and efforts can help stop the spread of dengue. Let us all be vigilant,

informed, and proactive — for ourselves and for our communities.

SECTION-D

7. What is Droplet Infection? Explain methods of spread of Chickenpox.

Ans: What is Droplet Infection?

Imagine a person sneezing or coughing in a crowded bus or classroom. The small droplets

that come out of their mouth or nose while doing so are not just water — they can carry

millions of disease-causing microbes like bacteria and viruses. If another person breathes in

these droplets, or if these droplets settle on a surface and someone touches that surface

and then their face — the infection can spread. This process is called droplet infection.

Definition:

Droplet infection is the transmission of disease-causing microorganisms (like bacteria and

viruses) through tiny droplets expelled from the mouth or nose of an infected person during

coughing, sneezing, talking, or even breathing.

These droplets are usually larger than aerosols, and they travel only a short distance (usually

up to 1 meter) before falling to the ground or nearby surfaces.

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How Do Droplet Infections Spread?

Let’s break this down with a real-life example. Suppose Ramesh, a college student, has a flu

virus. He comes to class and sneezes without covering his mouth. Here’s what happens:

Coughing or Sneezing:

When Ramesh coughs or sneezes, he releases thousands of droplets into the air. These

droplets are loaded with viruses.

Direct Inhalation:

His classmate Sita is sitting just next to him. She breathes in the air containing those

infected droplets — the virus enters her body through her nose, mouth, or eyes.

Surface Contact:

Some droplets fall on Ramesh's desk or books. Later, Raj, another student, touches that

surface and then touches his face — giving the virus a new path into his body.

Talking Close to Someone:

Even while talking, tiny droplets are released. That’s why close conversations can also lead

to droplet infections.

Diseases Caused by Droplet Infection

Droplet infection is a common route for many infectious diseases. Some well-known

examples include:

• Common Cold

• Influenza (Flu)

• COVID-19

• Tuberculosis

• Measles

• Mumps

• Rubella

• Chickenpox (our main focus)

What is Chickenpox?

Chickenpox is one of the most common childhood diseases, although adults can also get it if

they weren’t infected earlier. It is caused by a virus called Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV).

Key Features of Chickenpox:

• Highly contagious: It spreads easily from person to person.

• Rashes and blisters: It causes red, itchy skin rashes which turn into fluid-filled

blisters.

• Fever and tiredness: Along with rashes, the infected person feels feverish and weak.

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• Recovery time: Most people recover in 1-2 weeks, but complications can occur in

adults or immunocompromised individuals.

How is Chickenpox Spread?

Chickenpox is a classic example of a disease that spreads via droplet infection, but also

through direct contact and sometimes airborne transmission. Let’s explain the various ways

it spreads:

1. Droplet Transmission:

When an infected person coughs or sneezes, they release droplets that carry the Varicella-

Zoster virus. If a healthy person inhales these droplets or comes in contact with them, they

can become infected.

2. Direct Contact:

Touching the fluid from the chickenpox blisters can also transmit the virus. This is why it's

risky to come in direct contact with an infected person’s skin lesions.

3. Airborne Transmission:

Sometimes, the virus becomes aerosolized, especially in enclosed spaces. This means it can

float in the air for longer and spread over longer distances — more than just typical droplet

infections.

Stages of Infection and Symptoms:

Let’s imagine the journey of someone getting chickenpox:

Day 1–2: Exposure and Incubation

• You come into contact with an infected person.

• The virus enters your body and starts multiplying silently — this is the incubation

period (usually 10–21 days).

• No symptoms yet, but you can still spread it unknowingly.

Day 3–4: Early Symptoms

• Mild fever

• Headache

• Loss of appetite

• Feeling unwell (malaise)

Day 5–10: Rash Stage

• Red spots appear on the skin.

• These spots turn into itchy blisters filled with fluid.

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• The blisters later dry out and form scabs.

• New spots may continue to appear for 3–5 days.

Day 10–14: Recovery

• Blisters dry up and fall off.

• The person slowly regains energy.

Who is at Higher Risk?

• Infants and elderly people

• Pregnant women

• People with weak immune systems

• Unvaccinated individuals

Complications can include pneumonia, brain swelling (encephalitis), and bacterial skin

infections.

Prevention of Chickenpox and Droplet Infections

The best way to deal with chickenpox and droplet infections is prevention. Here's how:

1. Vaccination:

• The chickenpox vaccine is safe and highly effective.

• It is usually given in two doses, and it reduces the chance of severe illness.

2. Avoid Contact:

• Keep the infected person isolated until all the blisters have crusted over.

• Avoid going to school, office, or crowded places during the contagious period.

3. Personal Hygiene:

• Cover your mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing.

• Use tissues and dispose of them properly.

• Wash hands regularly with soap or use sanitizers.

4. Clean Surfaces:

• Frequently touched surfaces like door handles, desks, phones should be cleaned

regularly.

5. Wearing Masks:

• During outbreaks or in high-risk environments, wearing a mask helps prevent droplet

transmission.

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Final Thoughts

Droplet infection may sound like a complicated scientific term, but in simple words, it’s just

the way diseases spread from one person to another through tiny droplets in the air.

Chickenpox is one of the best examples to understand this — it shows how a small virus can

cause a big problem when it spreads easily through air, touch, and direct contact.

By understanding how droplet infections work, we become more responsible in protecting

ourselves and others. Prevention is always better than cure — a little care like vaccination,

handwashing, and isolation can go a long way in keeping our homes, schools, and

communities healthy and safe.

8. Explain hygiene during preparation, service and storage of food.

Ans: 1. Hygiene During Food Preparation

This is the most crucial stage because this is where food contamination often begins. The

way food is handled in the kitchen can directly affect its safety and quality.

a) Personal Hygiene of the Food Handler

The person preparing food must maintain personal cleanliness. Some key practices include:

• Washing hands thoroughly with soap before cooking, after touching raw meat, after

using the toilet, sneezing, or coughing.

• Wearing clean clothes or aprons while cooking.

• Tying back hair or wearing a cap to avoid hair from falling into food.

• Not wearing jewelry, which may carry bacteria or fall into food.

• Avoiding cooking when ill, especially with symptoms like diarrhea, cold, or skin

infections.

b) Cleanliness of Utensils and Surfaces

Always wash cutting boards, knives, spoons, and cooking pots before and after use.

• Use separate cutting boards for raw meat and vegetables to avoid cross-

contamination.

• Kitchen counters should be cleaned with disinfectant regularly.

• Dishcloths, sponges, and scrubbers should be kept dry and clean, as wet ones

become breeding grounds for bacteria.

c) Raw Material Handling

• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before use.

• Meat and poultry should be stored separately and kept at the correct temperature.

• Check expiry dates of packaged food before using them.

• Do not use food with bruises, mold, or foul smell.

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d) Cooking Temperatures and Techniques

• Cooking should be done at the right temperature to kill harmful microorganisms. For

example, chicken should be cooked to at least 75°C.

• Avoid undercooked or raw meat, especially in dishes like kebabs, curries, or biryani.

• Reheat food only once and ensure it is heated thoroughly.

2. Hygiene During Food Service

Once the food is cooked, how it is served also matters. Even the cleanest kitchen cannot

help if the food is served in an unhygienic manner.

a) Clean Serving Utensils and Dishes

Plates, glasses, and spoons must be washed and dried before use.

Avoid touching the rim of glasses or the inner part of plates when serving.

b) Proper Serving Temperature

Hot food should be served hot (above 60°C), and cold food should be kept cold (below 5°C).

Food kept at room temperature for long periods becomes a risk for bacterial growth. This is

called the danger zone (5°C to 60°C).

c) Serving Area Cleanliness

The area where food is served should be free from dust, flies, and insects.

Proper covering should be used — lids or food covers help prevent contamination.

In buffet-style serving, use food warmers and cooling trays as required.

d) Hygiene of Servers and Consumers

People serving food should wash their hands frequently.

If gloves are used, they must be changed regularly.

Encourage consumers (especially in self-serve canteens or hostels) to use serving spoons,

avoid touching food with bare hands, and avoid double-dipping.

3. Hygiene During Food Storage

Even after a meal is over, leftover food must be stored correctly to avoid waste and food

poisoning.

a) Types of Food Storage

• Dry Storage: Grains, cereals, spices, and flours should be stored in airtight containers

in cool, dry places.

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• Cold Storage: Items like milk, vegetables, and leftovers should be kept in the

refrigerator at 4°C or lower.

• Freezing: For long-term storage, freezing is used. Cooked meals, raw meat, and some

vegetables can be stored at –18°C or below.

b) Labeling and Date Management

• Label stored food with dates of preparation and expiry.

• Use the FIFO method (First In, First Out) to ensure older food is used before new

food.

• Discard food that shows signs of spoilage — mold, bad smell, discoloration.

c) Storage Containers

• Use food-grade, non-toxic containers with tight lids.

• Avoid using old plastic containers that may release harmful chemicals.

• Do not store food in open tins or cans once opened.

d) Avoiding Cross-Contamination in Storage

• Store raw and cooked food separately in the refrigerator.

• Use sealed containers to avoid smell transfer.

• Keep eggs, fish, and meat in lower shelves so their juices don’t drip onto other foods.

Importance of Hygiene in Food Handling

Poor food hygiene can lead to serious health issues like food poisoning, diarrhea, typhoid, or

even long-term diseases like Hepatitis A or E. Some of the most common causes of

foodborne illness include:

• Contaminated hands

• Improper storage

• Undercooked food

• Dirty utensils

Maintaining hygiene helps in:

• Preventing diseases

• Enhancing food taste and quality

• Reducing food waste

• Building consumer trust, especially in restaurants and food businesses

Simple Rules to Remember (Golden Tips)

1. Wash your hands before and after every food task.

2. Keep raw and cooked foods apart.

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3. Cook thoroughly, especially meat, eggs, and seafood.

4. Store food safely and check temperature regularly.

5. Clean utensils and surfaces regularly.

6. Use safe water for cooking and cleaning.

Conclusion

Hygiene during preparation, service, and storage of food is not just the responsibility of

cooks and chefs — it is a life skill every individual must learn. It’s a basic part of our health

and wellness journey. By following good hygiene practices, we ensure that the food we eat

nourishes us rather than harms us.

So next time you enter the kitchen, think of hygiene not as a rulebook, but as a habit — a

habit that shows your care for yourself and others.

Let us all commit to clean cooking, safe eating, and smart storing — because healthy food

begins with hygiene. 󷑏󷑐󷑍󷑎󼪦󼪧󼪩󼪨󼪪󼪫󼪬󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉

“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any

mistakes or have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”